Lfa-1and mhc class i and ii molecules is host-dependent

Comparative studies showed that several proteins already found to be packaged into HIV-1 particles through specific interactions with viral proteins or nucleic acids are also detected in HIV-2 and in simian immuno deficiency virus particles. For some proteins, their conservation was extended to more distant retroviruses,such as HTLV-1. The significance of such similarities is questionable. It may be either argued for the conservation of a common mechanism of replication throughout viral evolution, or it may be considered as a proof for the nonspecific association of proteins with distantly related viruses. Bay 11-7082 Bay 11-782

In a number of cases, including for some kinases,evidence for the conservation of interaction motives in viral proteins together with functional studies of viruses unable to package these cellular factors proved that these components retain an evolutionarily conserved function. In addition to the difficulty associated with discriminating between host factors that are selectively or passively packaged into viruses, the identification of cellular proteins embedded in viral particles is technically complicated.The most critical aspect is the strict necessity to discriminate between virus-incorporated components and cellular factors contaminating viral preparations.The latter group includes proteins docked to the outside of cell-free virions. This group also comprises cellular proteins contained in microvesicles and exosomes with sizes and densities comparable to viruses, that co-sediment with viral preparations and represent a source of contamination even after the density gradient separation of viral particles.

Accordingly, sample preparation should be performed carefully. Two reference protocols have been developed to produce preparations of highly purified HIV-1. One approach involves the digestion of viral samples using the non-specific serine protease subtilisin. Subtilisin digestion of HIV-1 preparation seliminates more than 95% of the microvesicle associated proteins and removes contaminants docked to the outside of viruses. The effectiveness of this protocolis determined by the size reduction of the gp41 transmembrane envelope glycoprotein. This method is particularly adapted to the study of proteins inside the virions. Alternatively, CD45 immuno affinity depletion of HIV-1 can be used to isolate viruses from cellular exosomes.

This technique, which was developed based on the observation that CD45 membrane molecules are discarded from HIV-1 viruses produced from hematopoietic cells, has been previously combined with masss pectrometry analysis to produce an impressive list of cell factors packaged into HIV-1 particles produced from primary macrophages. CD45 depletion is most useful for studies that require the exterior of the virions to be intact. In any case, electron microscopy imaging provides a reliable method to discriminate between assembled viruses and exosomes from a morphological point of view and to validate the presence of host proteins in virions, as previously reported. Another technical feature to consider when studying HIV-1-associated cellular factors is the cell type and the viral isolate or strain used to prepare the biological samples.The array of packaged cellular proteins may differ greatly according to the host cell used to propagate the virus.

This aspect has been well documented for membrane molecules embedded in the envelope of virions produced from various T cell lines. The acquisition of CD55 and CD59 complement decay factors, LFA-1and MHC class I and II molecules is host-dependent.Distinct incorporation profiles have also been reported when viruses produced from permanent cell lines or primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed. Regarding cytosolic proteins, this point has not been comprehensively studied. However, LC-MS/MS analysis of viruses grown on macrophages failed to detect the presence of some components that were identified from viruses grown on T lymphocytes. Vx-661 1152311-62-0

Notably, ERK-2, akinase detected from the HIV-1HZ321 isolate grown in HUT78 T lymphocytes and from HIV-1ELI viruses prepared from MT4 cells, was not detected from HIV-1NLAD8 grown in primary macrophages. The functional significance for such difference remains unknown, and its correlation with the biology of HIV-1 replication in distinct cell types remains to be analyzed.