A centralised collection of circuit breakers, fuses, and switches (circuit protection devices) that protect, regulate, and isolate electrical equipment is referred to as electrical switchgear. Metal frameworks house the circuit protection devices. A switchgear line-up or assembly is a collection of one or more of these structures.
Switchgear can be found in a variety of places, including electric utility transmission and distribution systems, as well as medium to large commercial and industrial buildings. IEEE defines electrical switchgear standards in North America, while IEC defines them in Europe and other parts of the world.
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Types of Switchgear:? Gas-insulated switchgear:
Gas insulated switchgear (GIS) has sealed enclosure(s) filled with insulating gas sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) or a mixture of SF6 and other recently released insulating gases. The gas-filled sealed container allows for a low-profile, compact installation. When compared to similar air-insulated switchgear, the use of gas as an insulating medium allows for a shorter distance between interrupting components.
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All electrical components, including the incoming bus, outgoing bus, instrumentation, and main circuit breaker or switch, are enclosed in separate metal chambers to give an additional level of safety, ruggedness, and ease of maintenance, as defined by IEEE C37.20.2. Metal-clad switchgear has rated voltage levels ranging from 5 kV to 38 kV. Metal-clad switchgear is commonly used in industrial facilities, as well as electrical power generating and transmission facilities, because it has draw-out circuit breakers for simplicity of maintenance.
- Metal-enclosed switchgear:
IEEE C37.20.3 specifies metal-enclosed switchgear. These devices can be installed in common compartments without the need for separate barriers or compartmentalization that metal-clad switchgear requires. Where the incoming electrical service is above 480/600V, metal-enclosed switchgear is used in commercial and many industrial installations.
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IEEE C37.74 specifies pad-mounted switchgear. Pad-mounted switchgear is designed for underground distribution systems with a voltage range of 5 to 38 kV that must be operated above ground. Pad-mounted switchgear is appropriate for utility distribution, feeder sectionalizing, and circuit protection applications due to its outside rated, low profile, and tamper-resistant design. To protect loads, isolate faults, and reduce outages, switches, fuses, and vacuum interrupters are utilised. In a shared insulated sealed tank, pad-mounted switchgear with up to six ways is possible. Air, SF6 gas, fluid, solid-dielectric-in-air technology, and solid materials can all be used as insulation.
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- Vault or subsurface switchgear:
IEEE C37.74 defines vault or subterranean switchgear. Vault or subterranean switchgear is designed for 15 to 38 kV electrical distribution systems that require the switch and its accessories to be operational from inside a vault or below-grade site. These areas may be dry or prone to water intrusion. Vacuum interrupters are used to protect loads and isolate faults in vault or subsurface switchgear that allows the user to activate the switch from above ground manually or with the use of relays.