Protein Synthesis Process

We know that protein production systems generally include cell-free protein synthesis, cell-based protein synthesis and virus-like particles. This article mainly introduces the process of protein synthesis based on cell.Protein is the material foundation of life. It is an organic macromolecule, the basic organic substance of the cell, and it is also the main bearer of the life activity. No protein, no life. Protein is involved in every cell in the body and all the important parts of the body. Amino acid is the basic unit of protein. It is a matter of life.Protein replication processCentral dogma: DNA is its own copy of the template, DNA transfers the genetic information to RNA through transcription. RNA expresses the genetic information to protein through translation. This is the rule that all biological cell structure should follow.The first step—DNA replication: the original DNA double helix structure has chemical bonds to link the chains. First of all, the chemical bonds are disconnected between them, and then divided into two separate strands, like P1 and P2.According to the C-G, A-T corresponding principle, those two strands can be paired out two complete DNA double helix chains. P1 is speculated to a corresponding F1, and P2 is inferred to a corresponding F2. So the generation of P1+F1 and P2+F2 are the same as the original P1+P2.One of these two DNA remained in mother’s, while the other is passed to the child.Conditions: template, enzymes (helicase and polymerase), energy (ATP), four kinds of raw material (A/T/C/G four kinds of deoxynucleotide)Place: cell nucleus (location of the original DNA)The second step—transcription: the main difference between RNA and DNA is that RNA is only single stranded while DNA is double stranded. RNA does not have T (thymine) and needs to use U (uracil).The chemical bond in DNA is open again. A chain of 3'-5' is chosen as a template, in accordance with the A-U, C-G pairing principle of mRNa (messenger RNA), a mRNA chain is formed.Conditions: templates, polymerase, ATP, raw materials (A/U/C/G)Place: nuclearThe third step—translation: mRNA is transferred to the surface of the ribosome in the cytoplasm to translate.A combination of amino acids are formed into peptide chains to generate different proteins.The types and arrangement of proteins determine the biological traits.Conditions: mRNA, enzyme, twenty kinds of amino acids as raw materials, ATPPlace: ribosome

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