Extension of the Equivalence Principle

@ @ @@page

Extension of the Equivalence Principle:

The extension of the equivalence principle does not directly involve gravitation, but the energetic equivalence of free and bound energy, also discovered by Einstein. This equivalence allows us to conceive of matter as an (asymmetric) form of light's energy transformed to rest, a notion which triggers Noether's theorem regarding the conservation of the symmetry attributes of free energy. The charges of matter are therefore seen as various conserved symmetry and entropy debts of light. Reversing the transformation by converting bound to free energy (as in the stars and Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes) pays (vanishes) all the symmetry (and entropy) debts of matter.

The Three Levels of the Equivalence Principle:

1. Newtonian / Mechanical - The equivalence of inertial mass and gravitational weight

Inertial mass and gravitational weight are equivalent, so inertial mass can be measured by weighing objects against a standard in a gravitational field. The cause of this equivalence is unknown. The equivalence is invoked to explain why all things fall with the same acceleration in a gravitational field. (The inertial resistance to motion offered by any object's "mass" exactly counterbalances the attractive force of gravitation due to that object's "weight" - rendering all differences in weight irrelevant to the action of gravity.)

2. Einsteinian Geometric - The equivalence of the forces of gravitation and acceleration

The forces of gravitation and acceleration are equivalent, and "free fall", orbital motion, and "coasting" cause both to vanish: we deduce from this:

a) the force of gravity is actually the convergent, accelerated motion of spaceentropy, explaining the equivalence of gravitational weight and inertial mass;

b) Free fall, orbit, (or "coasting") is the condition of co-moving with the metric field, whether accelerated or not;

c) Since all falling, orbiting, (or "coasting") objects are co-movers with the metric field of spacetime, the fact that all objects fall with the same acceleration in a gravitational field becomes obvious. However, the reason why gravity accelerates spacetime (what is the conservation role of this force? - or equivalently: why must this force exist?) remains unknown.

3. Einstein-Noether Symmetric - The equivalence of free and bound energy: E = hv

(Planck); E = mc2 (Einstein); hv = mc2 (DeBroglie).The conservation of the symmetry of free energy: the symmetry as well as the raw energy of light must be conserved (Noether). Charge conservation, gravitation, and inertial force = symmetry conservation (in particles and the spacetime metric).

a) Free and bound energy are energetically equivalent: matter is created from light in the Big Bang; conversely, light is created from matter in stars and via Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes. Matter is an (asymmetric) form of light's energy transformed to rest.

b)The charges of matter are the symmetry/entropy debts of the light (free energy) which created matter. Converting matter back to light pays all symmetry/entropy debts.

c) Noether's theorem - the conservation of symmetry - is exampled by the forces of charge conservation, inertia, and the primordial form of entropy (the intrinsic dimensional motion of light as gauged by "velocity c"). The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light. The entropy drive (intrinsic dimensional motion) and symmetry gauge of light are linked, common attributes of "velocity c", and therefore both are conserved by Noether's symmetry theorem. Charges produce forces which pay the symmetry/entropy debts they hold by returning the asymmetric bound energy system to its original symmetric free energy state (light). Time is an entropy and symmetry debt (charge) of light's broken non-local symmetric energy state which produces gravitation as a restorative or conservation force. All forms of energy originate as, and eventually return to, light, under the driving influence of entropy.

Explaining the Extension of the Equivalence Principle

We extend the "Equivalence Principle" in a new way (only indirectly involving gravitation) which embraces both free and bound energy, a necessity for any unification theory. The basis for this extension is again due to Einstein, through his most famous equation, E = mc2, establishing the energetic equivalence between free and bound energy. DeBroglie used Planck's equation for the energy content of light to make the equivalence of free and bound energy even more explicit: hv = mc2 (where h = Planck's constant and v = the frequency of light). The next crucial step in this logical progression is provided by Noether's theorem, which states that not only the raw energy, but also the symmetry of light must be conserved if free energy is converted to bound form (mass-matter-momentum). To this, we add our own observation: the entropy drive of light (light's intrinsic motion) must also be conserved - but because both the symmetry gauge and the entropy drive of light are linked through "velocity c", the conservation of light's entropy (in transformations between free and bound energy forms) becomes an extension of Noether's symmetry conservation theorem. The entropy drive of free energy, the intrinsic motion of light as gauged by "velocity c", is transformed/conserved as the entropy drive of bound energy, the intrinsic motion of time, as gauged by "velocity T". The transformation is accomplished either quantum mechanically as a simple switch from implicit to explicit time, or gravitationally by the annihilation of space and the extraction of a temporal residue.

Einstein realized that the gravitational field could be "transformed to rest" in free fall - the basis of his principle of the equivalence of gravity and acceleration. Such a transformation naturally is impossible, However, for the intrinsic motion of light - light cannot be transformed to rest because matter cannot travel at light speed. Leaving aside the possible exception of the black hole and the painful discussions about the true speed of light, we recognize two other exceptions to this rule: the creation of matter from light in the "Big Bang", and the absorption of light by the electron shell of an atom.

It is possible to think of matter itself as light transformed to rest in an asymmetric particle form, since matter is simply one-half of a particle-antiparticle pair, and such pairs are a normal material expression of light's energy (similarly, matter's entropy drive, one-way time, is 1/2 of a normal two-way spatial dimension). However, because the creation process is necessarily asymmetric (to escape an otherwise inevitable matter-antimatter annihilation), Noether's theorem comes into play requiring the lost symmetry of light to be conserved. The raw energy of light is conserved as the mass and momentum of particles. The conserved symmetries appear as the charges (and spin) of matter and as the inertial and gravitational forces of the metric. Noether's theorem is enforced through the well-known principles of charge (and spin) conservation, inertia and gravity. The spatial entropy or intrinsic motion of light is conserved by the gravitational conversion of space to time, producing matter's temporal entropy drive, the intrinsic motion of matter's time dimension. Entropy and gravitation therefore represent light's time drive (the intrinsic motion of light, gauged by "velocity c") conserved as matter's entropy drive (the intrinsic motion of time, gauged by "velocity T").

The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light. The case of the absorption of a photon by the electron shell of an atom is also instructive. Here the whole photon is transformed to rest, not just half of it (as in the creation of matter during the "Big Bang"), so there is less symmetry loss, and no conserved charges result in consequence of light's absorption - except for gravitation. (The probable role of electric charge in this process is moot, since light will only interact with a preexisting electrically charged particle or atomic system in any case). The rest mass of the absorbing atom increases as it conserves the energy of the absorbed photon through the increased angular momentum of an enlarged electron shell. The increased rest mass of the atom is of course reflected by an increase in the atom's gravitational field. Although light does not produce a gravitational field in free flight, once light's intrinsic motion ceases and it acquires a specifiable space entropy location (the atom's center of mass), its energy acquires "rest mass", a gravitational field, and am entropy dimension to provide its time requirement.

In this case we still have the conservation of entropy entangled with the conservation of symmetry, for even though the whole (symmetric) photon is absorbed, it still loses its intrinsic motion c, and as a consequence also loses: 1) its entropy drive, which created light's dimensional conservation domain (space); 2) the associated "non-local" symmetry of the spatial distribution of its energy - everywhere, simultaneously; 3) its two-dimensional energy state; 4) its massless, chargeless, atemporal, acausal, and gravity-free symmetric spatial energy state.

Since both the entropy and the symmetry of light are characterized by velocity c, it is not possible to separate the conservation of light's entropy from light's symmetry except theoretically. Light's entropy must be conserved because entropy (in its primordial, pure form as intrinsic dimensional motion) is what provides a dimensional conservation domain for energy, allowing the simultaneous transformation, use, and conservation of energy (this is the connection between the first and second laws of thermodynamics). When light transforms to a bound state, that new state will require a new entropy drive/gauge appropriate to that state: time as entropy equivalent - creating a new (historic) conservation domain - as provided by the quantum mechanical and gravitational transformation of space and spatial entropy (light's intrinsic motion) to time and temporal entropy (the time equivalent). Because velocity c is also the gauge of metric symmetry, we can bring the gravitational conversion of space to entropy and vice versa under the conservation umbrella of Noether's symmetry theorem.

The universal character of all symmetry debts is seen in the fact that all charges produce forces which act to return the material system to its original symmetric state by converting bound to free energy - not only through chemical reactions, matter-antimatter annihilations, particle and proton decays, but also through gravitational processes exampled by our Sun and the stars, quasars, and the complete conversion of bound to free energy in Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes.

The enlarged framework of the extended equivalence principle allows gravity to join the other forces as a symmetry/entropy debt of free energy (by Noether's theorem, all charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light). The "entropic charge" of time, the active principle of gravity's "location" charge, contains in itself the essential joining of the dimensional aspects of General Relativity with the charge aspects of quantum mechanics: 1) the intrinsic dimensional motion of time, acting as matter's entropy drive, producing by its own motion the collapsing, accelerated spatial flow we commonly recognize as a gravitational field; 2) time as the "locating" charge of the four dimensions, the symmetry debt of light's "non-local" character, providing mass with a specifiable location in spaceentropy, a nonzero "Interval", resulting (eventually) in the gravitational conversion of mass to light in stars. Charges produce forces whose conservation purpose is to pay the symmetry debts they hold; payment of the temporal symmetry and entropy debt drives the gravitational conversion of bound to free energy - in stars, quasars, and in Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes.

The Bekenstein-Hawking theorem relates the surface area of the "event horizon" of a black hole to the entropy content of the hole. Black holes are the physical demonstration of the gravitational conversion of space and spatial entropy to time and temporal entropy. The "surface" of a black hole (the area of its "event horizon") is a time "surface" where time effectively stands still because time is being replaced by the intense local gravitational field (g = c) as fast as time moves away into the historic domain. Hence while we can think of the ordinary rock as an asymmetric form of light's energy brought to rest, we can likewise think of the event horizon or surface area of a black hole as an asymmetric form of light's entropy (intrinsic motion) brought to rest.

Dr. Volkmar Guido Hable was trained as a physicist and geoscientist and holds a Ph.D. in Geosciences and a B.S. in Agriculture and Agronomics. After graduation, however, he took a slightly different career path and entered the financial world.