Retinal Detachment and other Retinal Diseases

What is Retinal Detachment?

A normal eye, the retina which is the film of the eye is very close to the choroid which gives it nourishment (Figs. 2 and 3). In some people this retina gets separated from the choroid or in other words,it gets detached. This is called Retinal Detachment.

Why Does it Occur?

There are many causes of retinal detachment. The most common cause is short sight or myopia. When a person is short sighted or myopic, the person's eyeball is larger than normal. So, obviously, in a larger eyeball, the retina has to cover a larger surface area than normal. This it does by stretching. Due to this stretching the retina can tear at a particular place and lead to the formation of a retinal hole. Now vitreous fluid can enter through this hole and separate the retina from it's base (Fig. 85), leading to a retinal detachment.

Prevention of Retinal Detachment

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As we have now understood the mechanism of formation of a retinal detachment, it is obvious that the precursor is a retinal hole. So, all myopic patients should have a thorough retinal examination every year to check if they have a retinal hole. If a retinal hole is detected, Argon laser (Fig. 83) treatment should be done to close the hole. This is absolutely painless, there is no injection and it is done as an out-patient treatment. It takes about 15 minutes. It is difficult for you to know if you have a retinal hole by yourself as there is no loss of vision. If you start to see black spots in front of your eyes or flashes of light then it could be due to the formation of a retinal hole and you should consult an eye doctor immediately.

Treatment of Retinal Detachment

The treatment of retinal detachment is surgery which is a major operation. That is why, one should try to prevent it's formation by getting a retinal hole treated.

Retinitis Pigmentosa

This is a developmental disease in which the patient has black pigments in the retina (Fig. 86). The patient does not see in the night. The patient should keep two tubelights in every room. This occurs specially when the parents have a consanguineous marriage, in other words are related by blood.

Macular Degeneration

In Macular Degeneration (Fig. 87), the macula of the retina gets damaged with white spots which eventually leads to bleeding and scar formation. This occurs mainly due to an ageing process. The solution is to do Laser treatment or a Vitrectomy but the prognosis is very poor. To diagnose this condition in the early stages one should look at an Amsler's grid (Fig. 88). This is a chart with a central black spot and squares all around. Look at the central black spot with one eye keeping the other eye closed. Then note the lines. If they appear distorted or wavy, consult an eye surgeon.

Figure 88: Amsler's grid. This is a chart with a central black spot and squares all around. Look at the central black spot with one eye keeping the other eye closed. Then note the lines. If they appear distorted or wavy consult an eye surgeon.

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