Systematic Review : Formulating a research question - Pubrica

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For a systematic review, formulating a well-constructed research question is mandatory. The first step in executing a Systematic Review is to formulate the research question. Without formulating a well-focused research question, it can be challenging and time-consuming to identify suitable studies and search for relevant evidence. Forming a good research question is not a straightforward process as it requires engaging with the literature.Well-formulated research questions will guide many aspects during the review process, which includes determining eligibility criteria, searchstudies, data collection for included studies, and presenting findings. There are different techniques used for formulating a research question.

Practitioners of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) often use a specialized framework, called PICO, to form the question and facilitate the literature search.A systematic review question typically focused on narrow parameters and usually fitted into the PICO question format.

P – Patient | Population | Problem

Most important characteristics of patients. Examples: Gender, age, and disease or condition

I – Intervention or exposure

Main intervention. Examples: Drug treatment, diagnostic and screening test

C – Comparison or control

Main alternative. Examples: Standard therapy, placebo, no treatment and gold standard

O – Outcome measures

What you are trying to accomplish, improve, measure, affect. Examples: Reduced mortality or morbidity, and improved memory

For quantitative systematic review question formation, PICO can be used along with the variant such as PICOS (S-Study design), PICOC (C-Context), and PICOT (T-timeframe).

For qualitative and mixed research studies, SPIDER can be used as an alternative to PICO

S–Sample

A qualitative research study is not easy to generalize as the sample is preferred over a patient

PI – Phenomenon of Interest

Rather than interventions, it looks at the reasons for behaviour and decisions

D – Design

The type of research through interview or survey

E – Evaluation

Outcome measures

R – Research type

Quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods

For qualitative evidence, SPICE can be used

S – Setting (Where?)

Based on the location or environment relevant to the research

P – Perspective or Population (for Whom?)

The type of people that are being studied

I – Intervention (What?)

The intervention, practice or treatment that are used for evaluation

C – Comparison (compared with what?)

An intervention with which the author compares the above comparator

E – Evaluation (with what result?)

The hypothetical result that isintended to evaluate

For health policy and management information, ECLIPSE can be used

E – Expectation

Improvement,Information or Innovation

C – Client group

At whom the service is aimed

L – Location

where is the service located?

I – Impact

Outcomes

P – Professionals

who is involved in providing or improving the service?

Se – Service

For which service are you looking for information

Once you have a defined research question, it is essential to make sure your research is original, and it is not already addressed. It can be identified through a thorough search in the systematic review databases (such as Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PROSPERO,The Campbell Library, and Systematic Review Data Repository (SRDR)) and be sure to check with published reviews as well as registered protocols.

In summary, a well-designed research question is a starting point in conducting a high-qualitysystematic review, as it will determine the nature and scope of the systematic review, andthere are several frameworks available for formulating a research questing and search for a new finding. Once the research question formulation is done, it is very much necessary to check with the database to avoid repetition.

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