Types of Glass Vessels used in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Glass vessels are one of the most common types of packaging used in the pharmaceutical industry. Glass vessels have been used to package a vast variety of pharmaceutical formulations, and they are frequently the first choice of packaging materials. Glass is an inorganic material (mainly silicates) or a composite of minerals that solidifies without crystallisation when heated and cooled.

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lassification of Glass:

Glass vessels are categorised into four types depending on their chemical/hydrolytic resistance to water attack: Type I glass, Type II glass, Type III glass, and Type IV glass. The degree of attack is determined by the degree of alkaline release caused by the attacking material.

1. Borosilicate glass (Type I glass):

This glass vessel is constructed of 80% silica, 10% boric oxide, a trace of sodium oxide, and a trace of aluminium oxide. Because of the presence of boric oxide, it is chemically inert and has a high hydrolytic resistance. It has the lowest coefficient of expansion and, as a result, has excellent thermal shock qualities.

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• Uses of Borosilicate glass:
• Most preparations, whether parenteral or non-parenteral, can be packaged in Type I glass.
• They can also contain powerful acids and alkalis.

2. Soda-Lime-Silica Glass (Type II Glass):

This is a modified type of Type III glass vessel with strong hydrolytic resistance as a result of the suitable sulphur treatment of a type III glass's inner surface. This is done to eliminate leachable oxides and so avoid bottle blooming/weathering. Type II glass has a lower melting point than Type I glass and is thus easier to shape.

• Uses of Type II glass vessels
• They are appropriate for the majority of acidic and neutral aqueous solutions, both parenteral and non-parenteral.

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3. Regular Soda-Lime glass (Type III glass):

This is an untreated soda-lime glass with good chemical resistance. It is composed of 75% silica, 15% sodium oxide, 10% calcium oxide, and trace amounts of aluminium oxide, magnesium oxide, and potassium oxide. Aluminium oxide has an effect on chemical durability, but magnesium oxide lessens the temperature required during the moulding process.

• Uses of Type III glass vessels
• They are utilised as packaging material for parenteral products or parenteral powders ONLY WHERE sufficient stability test data confirming that Type III glass is satisfactory is available.
• With the exception of freeze-dried preparations, they are utilised in the packing of non-aqueous preparations and powders for parenteral use.
• It's also used to package non-parenteral medications.

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4. NP glass or General Purpose Soda-Lime glass (Type IV glass):

The hydrolytic resistance of this sort of glass vessel is low. This sort of glass vessel should not be used for autoclavable materials since it increases the glass vessel’s erosion reaction rate.

• Uses of type IV glass vessels
• It is used to keep topical medications and oral dose forms.

Glass vessels are one of the most common types of packaging used in the pharmaceutical industry.