NCERT CBSE Standard 12 Organic Chemistry Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids Chapter 12

If this is your first time doing this chapter, the easiest approach to learn about it is to use the NCERT Chemistry book for class 12th. These subjects are discussed in a clear and straightforward manner, ensuring that the learner receives all of the relevant knowledge. Although there are ready-made notes available from many coaching schools, sticking to the NCERT book is strongly suggested. The chapters are clearly written and to the point. There are tables and figures to help you learn more quickly. If you are studying this chapter for the first time, avoid referring to any other material but NCERT. Keep a notepad on hand to jot down key details, terminology, formulas, reactions, and structures. If this is your first effort at revision, stick to the notes you made in class.

Because nomenclature is so crucial, put down all of the relevant chemical names (IUPAC names) in one table for subsequent reference. Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids can be made in a variety of ways. Each of these methods is critical. To remember this, examine it independently and try to replicate the preparation procedures in a notepad. Compare your responses to the real ones and underline any areas where you made a mistake. Similarly, each of these three functional groupings is linked to crucial reactions and processes. Take on each functional group one at a time. After you've studied these reactions, be sure to keep track of them in your notes. Pay careful attention to reactions with names, such as the Cannizarro reaction or the Fehling test. There are just a few of these name responses and tests available. Take a break after finishing one functional group and go through the reactions, reactants, products, catalysts, and reaction conditions again. You should only move on to the other functional groupings once you have amended this.

Pay close attention to the structures of these compounds while naming them. Because of the location of the covalent bonds, compounds with the same name might have different structures. They are frequently perplexing since their qualities may differ from one another. As a result, terminology such as chemical names, IUPAC names, and structures must be memorized. Don't just read through the reactions or compounds. While writing the reaction or sketching the structure, practice it aloud. Every year, a question on the uses and advantages of these functional categories is posed as part of a bigger inquiry. As a result, don't overlook this section.

Finally, when you have studied these things, don't forget to go over them again. The secret to achieving excellent grades is revision. Examine prior year's question papers and solve them independently.

Here is the basic terminology which has been discussed below:

Aldehydes: It is an aldehyde if it has an alkyl or side-chain R group in addition to any generic alkyl or side-chain R group and has the structural formula CHO. For the functional group, the term "aldehyde" or "formyl group" are used interchangeably.

Formaldehyde is one of the most well-known aldehydes in organic chemistry, which is formed by removing a hydrogen from an alcohol. Many perfumes are aldehydes or include aldehydes because of how powerful their scents are.

Aldehydes have a wide range of characteristics, all of which are influenced by the rest of the molecule. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, two of the smallest aldehydes, are totally water soluble. Pungent scents emanate from the volatile aldehydes.

It is through the process of autoxidation that arylaldehydes, in particular, decompose in the atmosphere. This reaction yields acyl hydroperoxide, which, when combined with the starting material, yields two carboxylic acid equivalents in total. If you have benzaldehyde in an old bottle, chances are it has a crusty solid on the cap or is floating about in the liquid. Benzoic acid, which may be eliminated by employing a base wash and distillation, can be found in this substance.

Ketones: R is a carbon-containing substituent, and so a ketone is a functional group in chemistry having the formula R2C=O. Carbonyl groups are present in ketone molecules (a carbon-oxygen double bond). Acetone, having the formula CH3C(O)CH3, is the most basic ketone. Many ketones are crucial in biology and business. Sugars (ketoses), steroids, and the solvent acetone are just a few examples.

Carboxylic acid: Organic compounds in which the carbon atom is linked to the oxygen atom by two covalent bonds and the carboxyl group (OH) by a single covalent connection are known as carboxylic acids. Another univalent combining group or hydrogen (H) atom is connected to the carbon atom through a fourth univalent connection. The carbonyl (C=O) and hydroxyl (OH) groups make up the carboxyl (COOH) group. Carboxylic acids are extensively distributed throughout nature. Glycerides, the building blocks of fat, contain fatty acids as one of their constituent parts. Lactic acid (found in sour-milk products) and citric acid (found in citrus fruits) are two examples of hydroxyl acids that are found in most living cells and are significant metabolic products. Carboxyl groups are found in amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.