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Linux Kernel today is one of the large scale open source project which includes a 13 million plus number of codes.

Definition of Kernel:

A Kernel the lowest level of software that is easily replaceable and that interfaces with the system hardware of the computer. It works on interfacing down all those applications which are currently running in the "user mode" to the PC hardware, thereby allowing processes which are otherwise known as servers to access information from each other using IPC i.e. Inter-Process Communication. This all topics cover in Linux course training and linux training institutes in Bangalore.

Types of Kernels:

There are different procedures to build an OS kernel and also there are various considerations w.r.t the architecture when setting up a kernel from its scratch.

Generally kernels can be categorized into three types viz., monolithic, microkernel, and hybrid.

While Linux comes under a monolithic kernel, OS X (XNU) and Windows 7 belong to the hybrid kernels.

Brief on the types of Kernels:

Microkernel

A microkernel management approaches coordination between the CPU, memory and IPC while the other things are considered as an accessory that is to be handled in the user mode. Linux administration training in Bangalore.

Advantages: Microkernels are portable and eases user’s work on change of video card or operating system subject to the condition that operating system is still able to access in the same way the PC hardware. Microkernels have an advantage of a small footprint, in terms of both memory and installation space, and are secure comparatively owing to its restricted accessibility feature which does not allow supervision mode dominance.

Disadvantages in Linux course in Bangalore:

• Hardware is abstracted more through the drivers
• Since drivers are used in user mode therefore hardware may show slow reaction.
• Processes can access information in a queue and can’t access other processes immediately.

Monolithic Kernel

Monolithic kernels oppositely different from microkernels since besides encompassing the CPU, memory, and IPC, they also include other things which include device drivers, file management systems, and system server calls also Linux training institutes in Coimbatore. The pros is that it is better in terms of hardware access and multitasking domain. This is because when a program needs any information from the memory or from another ongoing process, it has comparatively better direct access line and doesn’t have wait for information access. But this is a drawback because more processes running under supervisor mode leads to more interruptions and process crash.

Advantages:

• Better access directly to hardware used for programs
• Easier inter communication between processes.
• No additional support required for supported devices.
• No waiting time for processes.

Disadvantages:

• It has a large install and memory footprint
• Less security owing to more processes in supervisor mode.

Hybrid Kernel

Hybrid kernels are able to select and choose what they opt for user mode functioning and for supervisor mode respectively. Certain time things like device drivers and file system I/O in will be made to function user mode while server calls and IPC might be in the supervisor mode. This kernel is the best combo of the other two but requires more work on the hardware part because the driver responsibility completely relies on that. It also has some of the latency problems which microkernels are prone to.

Advantages:

• Flexibility of developer to choose processes assigned to user mode or supervisor mode
• Install footprint is smaller than monolithic kernel
• Flexibility is more compared to other models

Disadvantages:

• Certain times it faces similar process lag as that of microkernel
• User managed device drivers.

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