What is Object Oriented Programming (OOP's) & It's Features||

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) : OOP allows decomposition of problem into a number of entities called object and then build data & functions around these objects.

• The data of an object can be accessed only by the functions associated with that object.
• OOP's as an approach that provides a way of modularizing programs by creating partioned memory area for both data and functions.

Features of OOP:

• Emphasis is on data rather than procedure.
• Programs are divided into objects.
• Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions.
• New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary.
• Follow bottom - up approach in program design.

Concepts of OOP:

Basic concept of OOP are as follows:-

1. Objects
2. Classes
3. Data abstraction and data encapsulation
4. Inheritance
5. Polymorphism
6. Data binding
7. Message passing

Object:

• Object are the basis run time entities in an object oriented system.
• Programming problem is analyzed in terms of objects and nature of communication between them.
• When a program is executed, the object interact by sending message to one another.
• Each object contain data, and code to manipulate the data.

Fig. Way of represeting an object

Classes:

• A class is a collection of objects of similar type. For Example, mango, apple and orange are member of the class fruit. If fruit has been defined as a class, fruit mango; will create an object belonging to the class fruit.
• The entire set of data and code of an object can be made a user defined data type with the help of a class.
• Classes are user defined data type and behave like the build in type of a programming language.
• Once a class has been defined, we create any number if object belonging to that class.

Data Abstraction and Encapsulation:

Data Abstraction : Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including the background details or explanation.

• Classes uses the concept of abstraction and are defined as a list of abstract attributes such as size, weight and cost.
• The functions that operate on these data are called methods.
• The classes, who use the concept of data abstraction, are know as Abstract Data Types (ADT).

Data Encapsulation: The wrapping up of data functions into a single unit (called class) is know as encapsulation.

• The data is not accessible to the outside world, and only those functions which are wrapped in the class can access it.
• This insulation of the data from direct access by the program is called data hiding or information hiding.

Inheritance (Reuseability):

• Inheritance is the process by which object of one class acquire the properties of objects of another class.
• The concept of Inheritance provides the idea of reuseability.
• Reuseability we can add additional features to an existing class with modifying it.
• The real appeal and power of the inheritance mechanism is that it allows the programmer to reuse a class.
• Each derived-class defines only those features that are unique to it.

Polymorphism:

• Polymorphism means one name, multiple forma. It allows us to have more than one function with a same name in a program.
• It plays an important role in allowing objects having different internal structure to share, the same external interface.
• The process of making an operator to exhibit different behavior in different instance is know as operator overloading.
• It is extensively used in implementing inheritance.

Fig. Polymorphism

Dynamic binding or Late binding:

• Binding refers to the linking of a procedure call to the code to be executed in response to the call.
• Dynamic Binding means that the code associated with a given procedure call is not know until the time of the call at run time.
• A function call associated with a polymorphic reference depends on the dynamic type of that reference.

Message Passing:

• Message passing involves specifying the name of object, the name of the function (message) and the information to be sent.
• A message for an object is a request for execution of a procedure, and therefore will invoke a function (procedure) in the receiving objects that generates the desire result.
• Object have as life cycle. They can be created and destroy.
• Communication with an object is feasible as long as it is alive.

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