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PHP is a general-purpose scripting language especially suited to web development.5. It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer in 1994.6. The PHP reference implementation is now produced by The PHP Group.7. PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page,6. but it now stands for the recursive initialism PHP: Hypertext.

PHP code is usually processed on a web server by a PHP interpreter implemented as a module, a daemon or as a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) executable. On a web server, the result of the interpreted and executed PHP code – which may be any type of data, such as generated HTML or binary image data – would form the whole or part of an HTTP response. Various web template systems, web content management systems, and web frameworks exist which can be employed to orchestrate or facilitate the generation of that response. Additionally, PHP can be used for many programming tasks outside of the web context, such as standalone graphical applications9. and robotic drone control.10. Arbitrary PHP code can also be interpreted and executed via command-line interface.

The standard PHP interpreter, powered by the Zend Engine, is free software released under the PHP License. PHP has been widely ported and can be deployed on most web servers on almost every operating system and platform, free of charge.11.

The PHP language evolved without a written formal specification or standard until 2014, with the original implementation acting as the de facto standard which other implementations aimed to follow. Since 2014, work has gone on to create a formal PHP specification.12.

As of January 2021, 72% of PHP websites use discontinued versions of PHP, i.e. PHP 7.2 or lower, which are no longer supported by The PHP Development Team. A large additional fraction uses PHP 7.3, which is only (up to December 6, 2021) "supported for critical security issues only."13. Over 40% of all PHP websites use version 5.6 or older,14. that not even Debian supports (Debian 9 supported version 7.0 and 7.1).15.

Early PHP was not intended to be a new programming language, and grew organically, with Lerdorf noting in retrospect: "I don't know how to stop it, there was never any intent to write a programming language [...] I have absolutely no idea how to write a programming language, I just kept adding the next logical step on the way."21. A development team began to form and, after months of work and beta testing, officially released PHP/FI 2 in November 1997.

The fact that PHP was not originally designed, but instead was developed organically has led to inconsistent naming of functions and inconsistent ordering of their parameters.22. In some cases, the function names were chosen to match the lower-level libraries which PHP was "wrapping",23. while in some very early versions of PHP the length of the function names was used internally as a hash function, so names were chosen to improve the distribution of hash values.24.

PHP received mixed reviews due to lacking native Unicode support at the core language level.40.41. In 2005, a project headed by Andrei Zmievski was initiated to bring native Unicode support throughout PHP, by embedding the International Components for Unicode (ICU) library, and representing text strings as UTF-16 internally.42. Since this would cause major changes both to the internals of the language and to user code, it was planned to release this as version 6.0 of the language, along with other major features then in development.43.

However, a shortage of developers who understood the necessary changes, and performance problems arising from conversion to and from UTF-16, which is rarely used in a web context, led to delays in the project.44. As a result, a PHP 5.3 release was created in 2009, with many non-Unicode features back-ported from PHP 6, notably namespaces. In March 2010, the project in its current form was officially abandoned, and a PHP 5.4 release was prepared containing most remaining non-Unicode features from PHP 6, such as traits and closure re-binding.45. Initial hopes were that a new plan would be formed for Unicode integration, but by 2014 none had been adopted.

During 2014 and 2015, a new major PHP version was developed, which was numbered PHP 7. The numbering of this version involved some debate among internal developers.46. While the PHP 6 Unicode experiment had never been released, several articles and book titles referenced the PHP 6 name, which might have caused confusion if a new release were to reuse the name.47. After a vote, the name PHP 7 was chosen.48.

The foundation of PHP 7 is a PHP branch that was originally dubbed PHP next generation (phpng). It was authored by Dmitry Stogov, Xinchen Hui and Nikita Popov,49. and aimed to optimize PHP performance by refactoring the Zend Engine while retaining near-complete language compatibility.50. By 14 July 2014, WordPress-based benchmarks, which served as the main benchmark suite for the phpng project, showed an almost 100% increase in performance. Changes from phpng are also expected to make it easier to improve performance in the future, as more compact data structures and other changes are seen as better suited for a successful migration to a just-in-time (JIT) compiler.51. Because of the significant changes, the reworked Zend Engine is called Zend Engine 3, succeeding Zend Engine 2 used in PHP 5.52.

Because of major internal changes in phpng it must receive a new major version number of PHP, rather than a minor PHP 5 release, according to PHP's release process.53. Major versions of PHP are allowed to break backward-compatibility of code and therefore PHP 7 presented an opportunity for other improvements beyond phpng that require backward-compatibility breaks. In particular, it involved the following changes:

• Many fatal- or recoverable-level legacy PHP error mechanisms were replaced with modern object-oriented exceptions.54.
• The syntax for variable dereferencing was reworked to be internally more consistent and complete, allowing the use of the operators ->, [], (),{}, and ::, with arbitrary meaningful left-side expressions.55.
• Support for legacy PHP 4-style constructor methods was deprecated.56.
• The behavior of the foreach statement was changed to be more predictable.57.
• Constructors for the few classes built-in to PHP which returned null upon failure were changed to throw an exception instead, for consistency.58.
• Several unmaintained or deprecated server application programming interfaces (SAPIs) and extensions were removed from the PHP core, most notably the legacy mysql extension.59.
• The behavior of the list() operator was changed to remove support for strings.60.
• Support was removed for legacy ASP-style delimiters and....61.
• An oversight allowing a switch statement to have multiple default clauses was fixed.62.
• Support for hexadecimal number support in some implicit conversions from strings to number types was removed.63.
• The left-shift and right-shift operators were changed to behave more consistently across platforms.64.
• Conversions between floating-point numbers and integers were changed (e.g. infinity changed to convert to zero) and implemented more consistently across platforms.64.65.

PHP 7 also included new language features. Most notably, it introduces return type declarations for functions66. which complement the existing parameter type declarations, and support for the scalar types (integer, float, string, and boolean) in parameter and return type declarations.67.

Php training in chennai