What is a Hernia?

In a hernia, an internal part of the body protrudes through a muscle weakness or wall of surrounding tissue.

Muscles are usually strong enough to hold body parts in place. But weakness in them can lead to a hernia.

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Types of hernia

Hernias can occur anywhere in your abdomen (the area of??your body between your chest and hips).

There are several different types of hernias, which are described below.

Inguinal hernia - occurs when a part of your intestine protrudes through the bottom of your abdomen, near the thighbone.

Femoral hernia - occurs when fatty tissue or a portion of your intestine protrudes from between the thigh and abdomen, over the inner part of the thigh.

Incisional hernia - occurs when tissue protrudes from your abdomen through a surgical wound that hasn't healed completely.

Umbilical hernia - occurs when a part of the intestine protrudes near the navel.

Hiatus hernia - occurs when a part of your stomach protrudes through a hole in the diaphragm (the thin layer of muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest) into your chest.

Epigastric hernia - occurs when a thick piece of tissue protrudes between your navel and the lower part of your sternum.

Spigelian hernia - occurs when a part of your intestine protrudes from a part of your abdominal muscles below the navel.

femoral hernia – occurs when a part of a muscle protrudes through your abdomen; A femoral hernia can also occur in the leg muscles as a result of a sports injury.

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How common are hernias?

Different types of hernias affect different groups of people. About three-quarters of all abdominal hernias are inguinal hernias.

Inguinal hernia

Inguinal hernia is the most common type of hernia, and accounts for three out of four hernia cases.

About 1 in 4 men and 3 out of every 100 women will have an inguinal hernia at some point in their lifetime.

Risk factors for an inguinal hernia include:

Gender – This is more common in men than in women

age – as you get older, your risk of developing a hernia increases

Obesity - having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more

lifting heavy weights multiple times

prolonged cough

prolonged constipation

Femoral hernia

Femoral hernias are less common than inguinal hernias.

Femoral hernias are about four times more common in women than men, and can affect women of any age. Aside from gender and age, femoral hernias have the same risk factors as inguinal hernias.

Inguinal hernia

An inguinal hernia can develop as a result of a complication of abdominal surgery. The risk of getting an inguinal hernia after surgery will vary depending on the type of surgery.

Umbilical hernia

Umbilical hernia is very common in infants, especially black infants. The reasons why it affects more black babies is not clear.

In 9 out of 10 cases, the umbilical hernia gets better without treatment as the child gets older.

Hiatus hernia

Hiatus hernia is common, affecting 1 in 10 people.

Hiatus hernias do not always cause symptoms, although in some people it can cause heartburn (chest pain or discomfort that usually occurs after eating).

Hernia diagnosis and treatment

Hernias will often be detected using an ultrasound scan, which uses high-frequency sound waves to create a picture of the inside of the body.

In many cases, hernias cause no (or very few) symptoms. However, there is a possibility that the hernia:

can cause intestinal obstruction

disrupts the blood supply to the tissue affected by the hernia (this is known as a strangulated hernia)

Both are medical emergencies. If these occur, you should go to your nearest hospital emergency room immediately.

Because of the potential risks associated with these complications, surgery is usually recommended to repair the hernia.

The exceptions are the umbilical hernia, which usually gets better on its own, and the hiatus hernia, which is sometimes initially treated with medication. In only a few cases, a hiatus hernia requires surgery.

Hernia surgery

If you have a hernia, whether or not you will need surgery will depend on:

Where the hernia is located – Femoral hernia and hernia in the groin near the thighs require surgery; Abdominal hernias are less likely to require surgery.

Your symptoms - some hernias may not cause symptoms, others may be painful.

Contents of your hernia – The hernia can consist of part of your intestine, muscle, or other tissue.

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