Thomas Schmitt

Although natural hirudin is in great demand in clinical and pharmaceutical research, it is not easy to obtain. With the gradual exhaustion of natural leech resources, the gap between supply and demand...

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a large enveloped virus of double-stranded DNA among the eight known herpesviruses. After EBV infection of cells, it accumulates in the nucleus, and there are two life...

According to data from the European Food Safety Authority, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the EU Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, large-scale bird flu has occurred in...

Obesity refers to a certain degree of obvious overweight and thick fat layer, which is a state caused by excessive accumulation of body fat, especially triglycerides. Excessive food intake or changes...

Impurities derived from cell culture include but are not limited to inducers, antibiotics, serum and other media components. These impurities need to be tested and evaluated one by one using risk...

Transglutaminase (TGase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the acyl transfer reaction. It uses the C-carboxamide group of the glutamine residue in the peptide bond as the acyl donor, and the E-amino group...

The use of biomarkers in basic and clinical research as well as in clinical practice has become so commonplace that their presence as primary endpoints in clinical trials is now accepted almost...

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon, made of graphite and constructed in cylindrical tubes with nanometer in diameter and several millimeters in length. Their impressive structural...

What are cytokines?Cytokines are small secreted proteins released by cells have a specific effect on the interactions and communications between cells. The word cytokine is derived from the Greek...

Antibodies are biological protein molecules that are produced by immune B cells after being stimulated by antigens that can specifically bind to the antigen, and then neutralize the antigen. Because...

Nanoclusters are gold compounds with a core of metal atoms and organic groups covalently bound to the surface gold atoms. Due to their small size, these nanoclusters exhibit intrinsic near-infrared...

The silver nanoparticle is a metallic silver substance with nanometer particle size. Silver nanoparticles, with a particle size of about 25 nm, can strongly inhibit and kill dozens of pathogenic...

Antibody is an immunoglobulin produced by the body’s immune system and stimulated by antigen to proliferate and differentiate from B lymphocytes or memory cells and specifically bind to the...

Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) are nanoscale particles, with diameter from 1nm to 100 nm that can exhibit photon upconversion. Since François formally proposed the concept of upconversion...

An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part, it releases "autoantibodies" that attacks and destroys healthy body organs, tissues or cells by...